Reaction and Restoration

History M01B – Krister Swanson – Moorpark College

The Age of “Isms”

Fr. Rev. + Industrialism lead to “isms” (new names for old ideas) – various forces that shape Europe during the 1800’s
Nationalism, Liberalism, Conservatism, Romanticism, Socialism, Chartism, Republicanism are all examples

Nationalism

nation defined by ethnicity (language, culture, customs, history)
Pushed by writers & historians (Volksgeist) – very romantic
In protest of COV’s “multinationals” (A & R- Poles, Slavs, Magyars, Croats, Serbs, Czechs)
nations should be like humanist people “free to determine own life”
desire popular sovereignty – people will rule
Question of language
East (old empires) wants to be like West (France, GB)
majority over minority creates tension & repression (Ireland, Germany, Poland)
Will be powerful force for rest of History, especially in 20th Century

Liberalism

Pushed for by wealthy & educated who had been excluded from power by nobility
opposed conservatives (the restoration monarchists) who want to keep old order
influenced by Enlightenment: want legal equality, free trade, free press, religious tolerance (not necessarily equal rights for all)
Influenced by Napoleonic Code
government by consent of propertied, not of all
Liberals despise lower classes (unfit for representation)
mercantilism is bad – laissez faire is good
Their specific program varies by political/economic climate location

Conservatism (old order)

Austrian & German Repression

Austria has wide variety of nationalities, most to lose from nats & libs
must prevent constitution in German Confederation
FW III reneges on cons., moves back
student nationalist groups (Burchenshaften) form
Metternich gets Carlsbad Decrees to root out subversives (censorship & dissolve Burch)

British Repression

Uprising at Spa Fields leads to Coercion Acts (no Habeas Corpus or “seditious meetings”) 1817
1819 Peterloo Massacre increases tension on both sides
Six Acts (like Carlsbad): repress discontent

Restoration of French Monarchy

Concert of Europe

Formed by C of V - series of meetings to solve Foreign Policy problems, keep France & Russia in check
leads to Congress System (mtgs. to deal with probs.)
Alex I believes Quad should maintain all borders, Castleragh believes it should only limit French
This disagreement becomes key when Revs. Start in places under their supervision

Romantic Revolutions

Spanish Revolution (1820) - gov’ts intervene & restore monarch
Greek Revolution (1821) - powers support revolution because it hurts the Ottomans
Serbian Independence: Creates tension with Austria, Russia protects Serbia, so they get independence, however…
religion creates tension within Serbia (ongoing crisis to today)

Wars of Latin American Independence

Inspired by FR & Nappy, Nap’s takeover of Spain weakens their control over LA
Uprisings led by Creole Elite:
Bolivar frees Colombia in 1819 and Venezuela in 1821
San Martin frees Chile in 1817 and Lima in 1821
1825 Portugal frees Brazil & LA’s free from European control
1823- U.S. issues Monroe Doctrine
GB will also protect new republics to ensure trade
New nations form republican gov’ts essentially controlled by Creole elite – natives denied representation

Decembrist Revolt in Russia

Alex I suppresses Liberalism & Nationalism
exposure to Fr. Rev leads to secret societies (want reforms, etc.)
11/1825- Alex I dies, no heir è Constantine vs. Nicholas I
army’s loyal to Nicholas, Moscow regiment demands constitution, no serfdom, & Constantine
Nicholas sends in cavalry to deal with “Decembrists” (become martyrs)

Reign of Nicholas I

reactionary symbol (anti-Constitution)
Uses censorship & secret police
Official Nationality: “orthodoxy, autocracy, & nationalism”
These will “separate them from corruption of West”
1830- Polish revolt, Nick suppresses with troops, becomes “gendarme of Europe” (willing to use force to uphold COV)